Rapid diagnostics and efficient laboratory workflows are also of paramount importance both for anticipating diagnosis and for rapidly narrowing the antimicrobial spectrum, with de-escalation purposes and in line with antimicrobial stewardship principles. In this light, readily available patient's medical history and updated information about the local microbiological epidemiology remain critical for defining the baseline risk of MDR-GNB infections and firmly guiding empirical treatment choices, with the aim of avoiding both undertreatment and overtreatment. Since an effective treatment should be administered as soon as possible, resistance to many antimicrobial classes almost invariably reduces the probability of adequate empirical coverage, with possible unfavorable consequences. The treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) infections in critically ill patients presents many challenges. 2Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.1Clinica Malattie Infettive, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, Presidio Ospedaliero Universitario Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy.Matteo Bassetti 1 *, Maddalena Peghin 1, Antonio Vena 1 and Daniele Roberto Giacobbe 2
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